Formüller ve Teknik Bilgiler - Asteroid Impact Visualizer

🔋 Kinetic Energy Calculation

The kinetic energy of an asteroid is calculated using the classical physics formula:

E_k = ½ × m × v²

Where:

E_k = Kinetic Energy (Joules)
m = Mass of asteroid (kg)
v = Impact velocity (m/s)

Mass Calculation:

m = ρ × V = ρ × (4/3 × π × r³)

ρ = Density (kg/m³) - Typical: 3000 kg/m³ for stony asteroids
V = Volume (m³)
r = Radius = Diameter / 2

TNT Equivalent:

TNT (Megatons) = E_k / (4.184 × 10¹⁵)

💡 Example:
A 150m diameter asteroid at 18 km/s:

Mass: ~5.3 billion kg
Energy: ~860 Petajoules ≈ 205 Megatons TNT

🕳️ Crater Diameter Calculation

Based on Collins et al. (2005) scaling laws:

D_crater = C × D_asteroid × (v/v₀)^α × sin(θ)^β

Where:

D_crater = Crater diameter (m)
D_asteroid = Asteroid diameter (m)
v = Impact velocity (m/s)
v₀ = Reference velocity = 12,000 m/s
θ = Impact angle (degrees from horizontal)
C = Scaling constant ≈ 13
α = Velocity exponent ≈ 0.44
β = Angle exponent ≈ 0.33

Crater Depth:

Depth = D_crater / 5

Complex craters typically have a depth-to-diameter ratio of ~1:5

🌊 Seismic Effect (Earthquake Magnitude)

Richter Scale:

M_L = (log₁₀(E) - 4.8) / 1.5

Where:

M_L = Richter Magnitude
E = Seismic energy (Joules)

Moment Magnitude Scale:

M_w = (2/3) × log₁₀(M₀) - 10.7

M_w = Moment Magnitude
M₀ = Seismic moment (N·m)

Felt Distance:

Distance = 10^{(0.5 × M + 1)}

Approximate distance where seismic waves can be felt (km)

🌡️ Atmospheric Entry Physics

Deceleration (Drag Force):

dv/dt = -(ρ_air × v² × C_D × A) / (2 × m)

ρ_air = Air density (exponential with altitude)
C_D = Drag coefficient ≈ 0.5-1.0
A = Cross-sectional area

Ablation (Mass Loss):

dm/dt = -(C_H × ρ_air × v³ × A) / (2 × Q)

C_H = Heat transfer coefficient ≈ 0.1
Q = Heat of ablation (8 MJ/kg for stone)

Luminosity (Brightness):

L = τ × (dE/dt) = τ × (½ × m × v × |dv/dt|)

τ = Luminous efficiency ≈ 0.1-0.5%
dE/dt = Rate of kinetic energy loss

💥 Damage Zones (Rumpf Methodology)

Based on Rumpf et al. (2017) - 7 distinct hazard types:

1️⃣ Overpressure

ΔP = 3.14 × 10⁵ × (E/R³)^2/3

Lethal: >15 psi (~103 kPa)

2️⃣ Wind Blast

v_wind = f(ΔP, EF-scale)

Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF0-EF5)

3️⃣ Thermal Radiation

Q = E × η / (4π × R²)

2nd degree burns: >5 kJ/cm²

4️⃣ Seismic Shaking

PGA = f(E, R, M_w)

Peak Ground Acceleration

5️⃣ Ejecta Deposition

T_ejecta = f(R, D_crater)

Roof collapse: >200 kg/m²

6️⃣ Cratering

R_crater = D_crater / 2

100% lethality within crater

7️⃣ Tsunami

H_wave = f(E, depth, R)

Ocean impacts only

📚 Scientific References

Collins, G. S., Melosh, H. J., & Marcus, R. A. (2005). Earth Impact Effects Program. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 40(6), 817-840.
Rumpf, C. M., Lewis, H. G., & Atkinson, P. M. (2017). Population Vulnerability Models for Asteroid Impact Risk Assessment. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 52(6), 1082-1102.
Chyba, C. F., Thomas, P. J., & Zahnle, K. J. (1993). The 1908 Tunguska explosion: atmospheric disruption of a stony asteroid. Nature, 361(6407), 40-44.
Hills, J. G., & Goda, M. P. (1993). The fragmentation of small asteroids in the atmosphere. The Astronomical Journal, 105(3), 1114-1144.
Ward, S. N., & Asphaug, E. (2000). Asteroid impact tsunami: A probabilistic hazard assessment. Icarus, 145(1), 64-78.

🔌 Data Sources & APIs

NASA NeoWs API

Near-Earth Object Web Service - Real asteroid data

api.nasa.gov/neo/rest/v1

GeoNames

Population density and geographic data

geonames.org

USGS

Topographic maps and terrain data

usgs.gov